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🌿 Principles of Inheritance and Variation (Class 12 NCERT – Full Chapter Notes) ✦ With Designing, Figures, Diagrams, MCQs — Complete & Error-free ⭐ 1. Introduction to Inheritance and Variation Inheritance is the biological process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring . Variation is the differences in characteristics among individuals of the same species. Inheritance ensures continuity , and variation provides diversity which is essential for evolution. ♛ 2. Mendel – Father of Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884), an Austrian monk, performed experiments on garden pea (Pisum sativum) for 7 years. Reasons for choosing pea plant: Short life cycle Clear contrasting traits Easy to grow Naturally self-pollinating Could be artificially cross-pollinated Large number of seeds produced ♡ 3. Mendel’s Experimental Approach (Scientific Method) Mendel followed a scientific method which included: Selection of pure lines Identification...