Introduction Biological classification is the scientific method of grouping organisms based on similarities in structure, function, and evolutionary relationships. Over time, different systems have been proposed to make sense of the immense diversity of life. Early Attempts - Aristotle: Divided living beings into plants and animals based on simple morphological traits. - Linnaeus: Proposed the Two‑Kingdom System (Plantae and Animalia). However, this system was limited because unicellular and multicellular organisms, as well as prokaryotes and eukaryotes, were grouped together without distinction. Five‑Kingdom System In 1969, R.H. Whittaker introduced the Five‑Kingdom System, considering: - Cell structure (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic) - Body organization - Mode of nutrition - Reproduction - Evolutionary relationships The five kingdoms are: 1. Monera – Prokaryotes (bacteria, cyanobacteria) ...
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